Pipeline free spans could exist at irregular seabed terrain or fault areas. The best way is to avoid free spans but if not avoidable, it is necessary to check if the anticipated free span length is acceptable for static and dynamic loads. The static loads include dead weight of the pipe and waves & current induced hydrodynamic load. Figure 12.1 shows one example of static pipe stress near free span areas. The dynamic loads come from
vortex induced vibration (VIV, see Figure 12.2) and fatigue damage.
Source:
Lee, Jaeyoung. 2007. Introduction to Offshore Pipelines and Risers.
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